TNF and aneurysm: Our results showed that PCA treatment was able to reduce the effects of elastase significantly (P < 0.05) decreasing the aneurysm size, thereby showing the role of inflammatory cytokines, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-17, IL-8, IL-6 and TNF-α in the development of lesions in CA-induced rats (Figure 3) over 16 weeks.