The genome-wide methylation analysis in high-grade non-muscle invasive bladder cancer revealed that promoter methylation was positively correlated with reduced transcript expression for VAX2 , ARHGEF4, PON3 and STAT5a gene, which suggested that VAX2 and other genes could be used as novel therapeutic targets for bladder cancer [20]. This evidence concerns the gene ARHGEF4 and urinary bladder cancer.