INS and polycystic ovary syndrome: Women with PCOS are at a significantly increased risk of endometrial carcinoma (Barry et al., 2014); while this has traditionally been attributed to the endometrial hyperplasia and dysplasia in the context of chronic amenorrhoea, increased endometrial expression in women with PCOS of genes associated with the insulin signalling pathway (IGF-1, IGFBP1, and PTEN) hints at a role for IGF-1 and insulin resistance in this process (Shafiee et al., 2016).