ATF3 and cancer: ATF3 has been reported to be involved in many pathological conditions, such as cancer (Gargiulo et al., 2013; Wang et al., 2018), infections/inflammation (Rosenberger et al., 2008; Bambouskova et al., 2018), diabetes (Wang et al., 2020), and ischemic injury of the heart, liver, or brain (Seijffers et al., 2007; Huang et al., 2015).