Moreover, tumor samples showed significantly lower ATF3 expression when compared with paired normal samples across 13 human tumor types (BLCA, BRCA, CHOL, HNSC, KICH, KIRC, KIRP, LIHC, LUAD, LUSC, PRAD, READ, SKCM) from TIMER web tools (Supplementary Figure 1), which further suggested that ATF3 might act as a tumor suppressor in various human cancer types. Here, ATF3 is linked to cancer.