CSF2 and neoplasm: This immunomodulator is a combination of IL-12sc, IL-15sushi, IFNα, and GM-CSF mRNAs, increased concentration of which in the local tumor microenvironment may promote natural killer cell activation and induce cytotoxic T-cell responses, resulting in an immune-mediated destruction of tumor cells (National Cancer Institute, 2011; Pipeline – BioNTech, 2021).