TNF and infection: In addition, the simultaneous infection with P. aeruginosa and F. nucleatum significantly enhance IL-6 and TNF-α expressions in pulmonary epithelial cells compared with single P. aeruginosa infection group, which were similar to respiratory syncytial virus that enhanced the release of inflammatory factors IL-6 and IL-8 in bronchial epithelial cells coinfected with P. aeruginosa (Bellinghausen et al., 2016).