Whereas several immune cell-derived factors, including perforin, granzyme, FasL or IFNγ, mainly contribute to the elimination of cancer cells, pro-inflammatory cytokines like TGF-ß, IL-6, IL-8 can promote tumor growth, angiogenesis, tumor immune evasion and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) (4–8). Here, PRF1 is linked to neoplasm.