The activation of PKC isozymes during bacterial infections has been described previously: E. coli activates PKCε during its invasion (23), Listeria monocytogenes activates PKC in order to be able to escape from phagosomes (42), and PKCδ is activated during S. typhimurium infection in order to activate the antibacterial autophagy (36). This evidence concerns the gene PRKCD and bacterial infectious disease.