We next compared the repertoires of expressed VH genes of five populations of B cells that were sorted from eight SLE patients: CD11chi IgD+, CD11chi IgD−, CD11c− CD27− naïve, CD11c− CD27+ IgD− memory, and CD27+ CD38++ plasmablasts/plasma cells (Supplementary Figure 1, Tables 2, 3). Here, CD38 is linked to systemic lupus erythematosus.