Given the influence of Gal-3 on microorganisms and immune response, and the findings from bacteria induced PBC and DSS induced colitis, models od diseases where commensal bacteria and normal intestinal microflora play the main role in induction of immune response and disease development, it is conceivable that Gal-3 may have a role in the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases (Figure 2). The gene discussed is LGALS3; the disease is primary biliary cholangitis.