In chronic alcohol exposure and endotoxemia, LPS promotes an inflammatory response through TLR4 (Petrasek et al., 2010), which in the liver is expressed in both hepatocytes (Liu et al., 2002; Jia et al., 2018) and Kupffer cells (Petrasek et al., 2010). Here, TLR4 is linked to serum lipopolysaccharide activity.