TNF and chronic kidney disease: Various cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin 6 (IL-6), IL-1, transforming growth factor β (TGF-β), monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1), IL-8, regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted protein, toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), cluster of differentiation 68 (CD68), and other proinflammatory cytokines are known to contribute to CKD (Devarajan, 2006).