TNF and epilepsy: FGF-21 overexpression in BM-MSCs protected these cells from glutamate excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation, which often result from the onset of epilepsy. Genetically modified BM-MSCs displayed inhibited apoptosis, as caspase pathways induced by hydrogen peroxide and TNF-α were suppressed (Linares et al., 2020)