TNF and Alzheimer disease: Glial-expressed cytokines such as IL-1β, TNFα, and IL-6 are upregulated in AD (Fillit et al., 1991; Blum-Degena et al., 1995; Benzing et al., 1999; Kálmán et al., 2009), and chronic activation of glial cells has been postulated to increase tau pathology (Leyns and Holtzman, 2017; Ising et al., 2019).