In support of this is the finding that TDP-43 mislocalisation and aggregation could be observed only when human glioma U251 cells were exposed to CSF from patients with both ALS and frontotemporal dementia (FTD), while CSF from ALS and control patients failed to induce similar pathology (Ding et al., 2015), consistent with the greater TDP-43 pathology seen in ALS-FTD. Here, TARDBP is linked to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.