Among the signaling pathways responsible for the pathogenesis of IBD, several studies suggest mucosal hypoxia-triggered signaling pathways play a key role where details on the specific roles of hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), prolyl hydroxylases (PHDs), and possible corresponding therapeutic potentials in treating IBD are known in the literature [62]. Here, NFKB1 is linked to irritable bowel syndrome.