We then quantified mRNA expression of IFN-β (type I IFN), IFN-λ (type III IFN), select ISGs (OAS2, IFIT1, IFIH1), and the neutrophil attracting chemokine IL-8 (CXCL8), which has been implicated in nasal inflammation during viral infection (33, 34) (Fig. 2D). Here, IFIH1 is linked to viral infectious disease.