This underscores the importance of the RNase L and PKR antiviral pathways, which can be activated early in infection upon concurrent dsRNA sensing by OAS, PKR, and MDA5 receptors before IFN is produced, or alternatively in cells infected by virus that produce low levels of IFN only late in infection, as we observe here with SARS-CoV-2. Here, IFNA1 is linked to infection.