CCL2 and pancreatic neoplasm: Despite the suppressive function of TRAIL/death receptor in the regulation of cancer cell invasion and metastasis as discussed above, TRAIL has also been reported to strongly induce the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-8 and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP1), to enhance the invasion of apoptosis-resistant pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cells in vitro by upregulation of the urokinase-type plasminogen activator expression, and to strongly increase the distant metastatic spread of pancreatic tumors in vivo [49].