CCL2 and cancer: Although inflammation alone is insufficient for causing cancer or metastasis, the inflammatory response can greatly increase the risk of metastasis through the generation of pro-inflammatory biomolecules (e.g., TNFα, IL6, IL8, and MCP1), sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), and angiogenic factors (e.g., VEGF) at the site of inflammation [85,86,87].