Recent studies demonstrated the increased production/secretion of multiple cytokines and chemokines such as interleukin 1 (IL1)-beta, interleukin 6 (IL6), C–X–C motif chemokine ligand 10 (CXCL10), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, and interferon (IFN)-gamma by T-cells in the human CF islets [40,54], which are known to impair the secretory function of islets [55]. Here, TNF is linked to cystic fibrosis.