Consistent with previous experimental data, here we have shown that DPPS pretreatment significantly reduced TNF-α and IL-1β levels in the livers of ConA-treated mice (Figure 5b), expression of adhesive molecules (Figure 5a) and thus probably contributed to attenuation of liver damage (Figure 3) and to protective effects of DPPS on ConA-induced hepatitis. The gene discussed is TNF; the disease is hepatitis A virus infection.