CD4 and neoplasm: In ex vivo chemotaxis studies, we tested the ability of supernatants from ex vivo cultured tumor tissues (from 3 different bladder cancer patients, n = 3) that were either untreated or treated with BCG alone or BCG plus indomethacin (as attractants) to attract effector type CD8+ T cells induced by SEB-loaded DC1s [33,47] and to attract Tregs present in blood-isolated CD4+ T cells.