BATF and neoplasm: Taking a closer look at some genes present in these gene sets, as well as other key effector CD8+ T cell markers, we found that BATF-overexpressing, tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cells significantly upregulated genes encoding activation markers (Cd44, Ifngr1, and Rara), costimulatory molecules (Cd28 and Icos), effector molecules (Gzma, Gzmb, Gzmc, and Gzmf), chemokine receptors (Cxcr3, Cxcr4, Cxcr6, Ccr2, and Ccr5), and transcription factors (Id2, Zbtb9, Smad3, Lef1, and Hif1a) (Figure 4D), many of which are known target genes of BATF [22].