NFKB1 and atherosclerosis: Figure 4A shows that serotonin has one hydroxyl group, whereas N-(p-coumaroyl) serotonin and N-feruloyl serotonin have two hydroxyl groups, which improve their pharmacological properties relative to those of serotonin. N-Feruloyl serotonin can reduce the oxidation of low-density lipoproteins associated with the inflammatory process in atherosclerosis [18]. In addition, N-(p-coumaroyl) serotonin has been reported to reduce oxidation and decrease inflammatory cytokine secretion by suppressing the NF-kB signaling pathway [27].