TNF and neoplasm: The massive release of tumor antigens and the secretion of damage-associated molecular patterns (e.g., adenosine triphosphate, heat-shock proteins, and calreticulin) and cytokines (e.g., interferon-gamma, interleukin-2, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha) from electroporated tumor cells lead to the recruitment and activation of dendritic- and antigen-presenting cells, resulting in the induction of immunogenic cell death [54].