BECN1 and neoplasm: Although similar in vitro proliferation rates were observed between the shC and shBecn1-silenced cells (Supplementary Figure S2A), Beclin1-defective B16-F10 cells (shBecn1), compared with shC cells, showed a significant reduction in tumor growth (p = 0.003, Supplementary Figure S2B), suggesting that autophagy in melanoma cells induced pro-tumorigenic activity in vivo.