NPPA and ischemia: Activated cardiac myofibroblasts produce pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-6 and TGF-β), vasoactive proteins (Ang II, endothelin-1 (ET-1), atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP)), noradrenaline, ischemia, reperfusion, and mechanical stimuli [52].