Infection of Cyld−/− Dendritic Cells (DC) and Mouse Embryonic Fibroblasts (MEF) with vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) resulted in hyperactivation of TBK1 and IKKɛ, and consequently hyper-induction of type I IFNs due to increased levels of RIG-I ubiquitination [67,68]. Here, RIGI is linked to infection.