DHX58 and viral infectious disease: While more studies will be required to distinguish between these options, a related family member—USP3—was shown to interact with RIG-I specifically upon viral infection and to attenuate RLR signaling by removing K63-linked ubiquitin chains from the CARD domains of RIG-I and MDA5 [69], suggesting that different cellular means of RLR inactivation may be in play within the USP family.