Proinflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) are implicated in T1D pathogenesis as triggers of ROS production and pathogenic ER stress in rodent models [55,56]. The gene discussed is TNF; the disease is type 1 diabetes mellitus.