AR and posterior cortical atrophy: Furthermore, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), the transcription factor that is hyperactivated by upstream IL-6/IL-6Rα/Janus kinase (JAK) signaling cascades in many tumors with features of chronic inflammation, has been implicated in maintaining a PCa stem-like cell type that can survive in an androgen receptor (AR)-independent manner [15,16].