JUN and Insulin resistance: Mechanistically, this diminished inflammatory capacity in macrophages exerted by flavanols to inflame adipocytes has been associated to a downregulation of the NF-κB pathway, as well as MAPKs (ERK, JNK and p38), factors such as AP-1 (c-jun) and ETS Like-1 protein (Elk-1), and oxidative stress [73,74], contributing also to improve the lipid metabolism and reduce the insulin resistance [75,76].