Oncolytic infection and type I IFN concomitantly induce the upregulation of checkpoint receptor ligands such as PDL1, and thus combination therapy with pharmacologic or viral expression of checkpoint blocking antibodies with vaccinia [67], VSV [68,76], reovirus [77], measles [70,78], HSV [72] and NDV [71] have provided superior tumour outcomes. Here, CD274 is linked to neoplasm.