HDL antioxidant ability is also impaired in patients with CKD [33,39], likely due to a reduction in PON-1 and apoA-I content, two molecules known to exert antioxidant activity [40], and a concomitant enrichment of acrolein-modified apoA-I [41]; this latter modification also contributes to explain the reduced HDL-mediated cholesterol efflux [31,42]. Here, APOA1 is linked to chronic kidney disease.