NFKB1 and viral infectious disease: The IFN-β and IFN-λ1/2/3 promoters contain binding sites for IRF-3 and NF-κB and are directly inducible by virus infection through this pathway, whereas in most non-immune cells, IFN-α production is a secondary response that follows autocrine stimulation by IFN-β and upregulation of IRF-7.