IGF1 and endothelial dysfunction: Impairment of the IGF-1 pathway by either destruction of the IGF-1 receptor (IGF-1R) or overexpression of IGF-1 inhibitory proteins is associated with dysregulation of nuclear factor-like 2 (Nrf2)-dependent antioxidant responses, leading to increased vascular oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction [34,35].