IGF1 and Arrhythmia: Consistent evidence from in vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated the association between IGF-1 deficit and dysregulation of the GH/IGF-1 signaling pathways in dwarfism, arrhythmia, reduced heart contractility, inhibition of renal electrolyte reabsorption, and altered lipid metabolism, among other pathologies [18,19,20,36,53].