Likewise, in the general population, IGF-1 deficiency has also been associated with increased risk for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, coronary heart and artery disease, ischemic heart disease, ischemic stroke, myocardial infarction, atherothrombotic diseases, impairment of contractility, arrhythmia, collagen deposition, endothelial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and chronic low-grade inflammation [27]. This evidence concerns the gene IGF1 and cardiac arrhythmia.