TNF and neoplasm: Thus, although interactions between tumor-related inflammation and stromal cells were reported previously by our studies [43,44,45,67] and others [40,41,42,68,69,70,71,72], our current investigation is the first to show that persistent stimulation of MSCs by the potent pro-inflammatory cytokines TNFα and IL-1β leads to their conversion to cancer-supporting inflammatory CAFs.