Our past research and studies by other investigators demonstrated that the two cytokines were minimally expressed in healthy breast tissues but that they were present in the majority of breast tumors, many of which were of the luminal-A subtype; moreover, in patient samples, TNFα and IL-1β were often simultaneously expressed from the stage of ductal carcinoma in situ and onwards, and their expression was significantly associated with advanced disease course [22,23,24,25,26,27]. The gene discussed is TNF; the disease is breast neoplasm.