Here, it is interesting to consider the actual concentrations of the two cytokines in the tumor and the way they exert their impacts in a dose-dependent manner; it is possible, for example, that the relatively high dose of TNFα (50 ng/mL) that was required in order to obtain MSC-to-CAF conversion in our study represents non-physiological activities of the cytokine, which are beyond its typical roles in pathogen-related inflammation. Here, TNF is linked to neoplasm.