TBX1 and cancer: Within this context, many different pro-malignancy roles were attributed to CAFs, such as induction of stemness, proliferation, chemoresistance, and invasion of tumor cells; in parallel, CAFs act on elements of the TME, providing support to the cancer cells by elevating matrix remodeling, angiogenesis, and immune suppression [11,12,14,29,30,31,32,33,34,35].