BAX and leukemia: Other ROS inducers, such as artesunate and dihydroartemisinin, are also known to mediate apoptotic cell death through a ROS-independent pathway; the former induces Bax-mediated apoptosis in HepG2 cells [43], whereas the latter induces apoptosis through activation of the p38 MAPK/caspase 9/caspase 3 signaling pathway in leukemia HL-60 cells [44].