Meanwhile, the autophagy-based mechanisms of radioprotection in hypoxia-adapted cancer cells might vary and include the contribution of hypoxia-induced autophagy to double-stranded DNA break repair [240,251]; reducing the intracellular ROS level [53,254]; Parkin-mediated digesting mitochondria [252]; expressing proto-oncogene serine/threonine-protein kinase PIM-1 [249]; activating protein kinases Akt, mTOR and P70S6K [29,51] and c-Jun [52], involving HIF-1α [29,51,52,53,54] and/or microRNAs [54,255,256,257] or a long intergenic noncoding RNA (lincRNA)-p21 [29]. Here, MTOR is linked to cancer.