MAPK8 and Insulin resistance: In addition to negative interaction of JNK with IRS-1 signaling in insulin-sensitive peripheral tissues, this kinase in a transgenic mouse model (MKK7D) has been shown to promote insulin-resistance by acting in pancreatic β-cells, through inhibition of insulin secretion and insulin-induced Akt phosphorylation and reducing the expression of downstream insulin-target genes [44].