ACE and chronic kidney disease: Indeed, the introduction of ACE inhibitors (ACEi), and later of AT1R blockers (ARBs), was found to attenuate the progression of cardiovascular morbidities [8,9,10,11] and of declining kidney function in patients with CKD [12,13,14,15], with an evident reduction in the development of cardiac and renal fibrosis [16,17,18].