INS and metabolic disease: The plasma levels of branched chain amino acids (BCAA) and aromatic sulfur amino acids (SAA) have been most potently implicated in metabolic diseases including diabetes, dyslipidemia and metabolic syndrome, and have been consistently found to be higher in insulin-resistant, diabetic and obese individuals compared non-diabetic or non-obese counterparts [135,136,137,138,139,140].