More recently, a clinical trial conducted in cancer patients, showing higher risk for atherosclerotic cardiovascular events after treatment with immune checkpoint inhibitors, including anti-programmed death (PD)-1, anti-programmed death ligand (PDL)-1, and anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen (CTLA)-4, that activate CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, has provided, for the first time, direct evidence in humans for a pro-atherogenic role of effector T cells in atherosclerosis [30]. Here, CD4 is linked to atherosclerosis.