In many cases, MPC downregulation occurs at the transcriptional level, either by the direct binding of transcriptional repressors, as in the chicken ovalbumin upstream promoter-transcription factor II (COUP-TFII)-induced repression of MPC1 in prostate cancer [130], or through epigenetic mechanisms such as those seen at work in pancreatic cancer involving histone lysine demethylase 5A [134]. Here, MPC1 is linked to prostate carcinoma.