VEGFA and neoplasm: They (1) trigger the release of tumor cell antigens, (2) create an immune stimulatory microenvironment by increasing expression of immune stimulatory molecules and by reducing immunosuppressive cells and cytokines, (3) decrease VEGF expression and enhance infiltration of T cells into the tumor, (4) promote recognition of tumor cells by the immune system through increasing melanoma antigen and HLA I and/or HLA II expression, and (5) intensify reactivity and cytotoxicity of T cells [73].