Yet, in a recent study, Alami and colleagues revealed that the relevance of NFkB activation in mSOD1 mouse astrocytes is time-dependent because, during the pre-symptomatic stage of the disease, the transcription factor triggers microglial proliferation with neuroprotective effects on motor neurons; whereas in the later stages of ALS, NFkB enhances pro-inflammatory microglia activation, accelerating disease progression and resulting in a shorter mouse survival [86]. The gene discussed is NFKB1; the disease is amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.