Examples include five genes that are associated primarily with anti-cancer activity (CXCL10, MICA, FPR2, CASP5, and CASP7), three genes that are associated with both anti-cancer and anti-microbial activity (OAS1, ATF3, and IFIT3), and four genes that are associated primarily with the defense response to viruses and bacteria (CCL4L1, IL1B, ANKRD22, and TLR4). Here, OAS1 is linked to cancer.