Whereas, another study found that Tim-3+CD4+ T cells by ligation of Gal-9 makes CD4+ T cells less susceptible to HIV by downregulating CCR5 and CXCR4, and additionally, p21 upregulation by Gal-9 reduces infection of CD4+ T cells to HIV-1 via Tim-3 [87]. This evidence concerns the gene CD4 and infection.