Gene expression analysis in both the livers of DDC-fed mice and human HCC tumors showed the increase in gene expression of ceramide synthases such as CERS4 and CERS5. In addition, PDMP is a classic glucosylceramide synthase and lactosylceramide synthase inhibitor targeting beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase 5/6 (B4GALT5/6), which is critical in regulating the biosynthesis of lactosylceramide, a common precursor of lactose series of glycosphingolipids, including gangliosides [60]. Here, B4GALT5 is linked to hepatocellular carcinoma.