CD274 and neoplasm: Similarly, PD-L1 expression was found to be upregulated in the TME after high dose RT (1 × 12 Gy) in vitro and in vivo [163], while another pre-clinical study in syngeneic mouse model of CC demonstrated that 5 × 2 Gy RT leads to tumor cell expression of PD-L1 via IFN-γ production by infiltrating CD8+ T cells [164].