Several pseudogenes have been implicated in cancers, including BRAFP1, which drives activation of BRAF and, more broadly, the MAPK pathway [78,160]; NANOG and OCT4, which sustain cell-renewal and pluripotency of embryonic stem cells [160]; and PTENP1, which sponges miRNAs that target PTEN, thereby increasing PTEN expression for suppressing tumorigenesis [55,81]. The gene discussed is PTEN; the disease is cancer.