INS and diabetes mellitus: High glucose level contributes to pathogenesis of diabetes, not only by free radical generation, but also through non-enzymatic protein glycation [19], augmented metabolism of glucose through the hexosamine pathway [20], increased activation of the polyol pathway by unused glucose, glucose-mediated activation of protein kinase C [21] and through increased lipid peroxidation, resulting in damaging of enzymes, the β-cell dysfunction, impaired glucose tolerance, increased insulin resistance, increased inflammation and vascular dysfunction (Figure 2).